神经科学
最新书摘:
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枣子2015-10-25In 1839, German zoologist Theodor Schwann proposed what came to be known as the cell theory: All tissues are composed of microscopic units called cells.
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枣子2015-10-25n 1811, Bell proposed that the origin of the motor fibers is the cerebellum and the destination of the sensory fibers is the cerebrum.
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枣子2015-10-25This question was answered around 1810 by Scottish physician Charles Bell and French physiologist François Magendie. A curious anatomical fact is that just before the nerves attach to the spinal cord, the fibers divide into two branches, or roots. The dorsal root enters toward the back of the spinal cord, and the ventral root enters toward the front
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枣子2015-10-25By the turn of the century, Italian scien- tist Luigi Galvani and German biologist Emil du Bois-Reymond had shown that muscles can be caused to twitch when nerves are stimulated electri- cally and that the brain itself can generate electricity.
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枣子2015-10-25Descartes believed that the mind is a spiritual entity that receives sensations and commands move- ments by communicating with the machinery of the brain via the pineal gland
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枣子2015-10-25Galen suggested that the cerebrum must be the recipient of sensations and the cerebellum must command the muscles.
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枣子2015-10-25The famous Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)clung to the belief that the heart was the center of intellect. What function did Aristotle reserve tor the brain? He proposed it to be a radiator for the cooling of blood that was overheated by the seething heart. The rational temperament of humans was thus explained by the large cooling capacity of our brain.
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枣子2015-10-25the most influential scholar was hippocrates (460-379B.C.),the father of western medicine,who states his beliefe that the brain not only was involved in sensation but also was the seat of intelligence.
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枣子2015-10-25neurosvience was founded as recently as 1970
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枣子2015-10-23this skull of a man over 7000years old was surgically opened while he was alive. the arrows indicate two sites of trepanation.
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你又在摸鱼了2015-01-19Most neuroscientists are such neocortical chauvinists (ourselves included) that the term cortex, if left unqualified, is usually intended to refer to the cerebral neocortex.
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Vera理想2011-07-07当神经科学家想在专业杂志上发表他们的实验结果时,他的文章将会受到其他神经科学家对其科学价值和动物安乐问题的仔细审核。如果这两点中任何一点出现了问题,文章就会被退稿,而且将导致投稿人失去他们的研究基金。
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北公爵2013-05-27The Genetics of SexCompared to the X chromosome, the smaller Y chromosome has few genes and less diverse functions. Most importantly for sex determination, it contains a gene called the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome(SRY), which codes for a protein called testis-determininfactor(TDF). A human with a Y chromosome and SRY gene develops as male, and without it, the individual develops as female……Sexual Development and DifferentiationUnlike organs such as the lung and liver, the rudimentary cells that develop into the gonads are not committed to single developmental pathway. During the first 6 weeks of pregnancy, the gonads are in an different stage that can develop into either ovaries or testes. The uncommitted gonads posses two key structures, the Müllerian duct and the Wol...
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北公爵2013-05-27性别的遗传与X染色相比,较小的Y染色体只有极少的基因和更少的功能。对于性别决定最重要的是Y染色体,含有一个称为Y染色体性别决定区(SRY)的基因。这个基因用于产生一种蛋白叫睾丸决定因子(TDF)。一个人具有Y染色体和SRY基因将会发育成男性,否则即发展成女性……性别的发育和分化不像肺和肝等其他器官,发育成性腺的基本细胞不是只有单独的发育通路。在妊娠的最初6周,性腺处于未分化状态,它们可以发育成卵巢或睾丸。未分化的性腺具有两个关键的结构:Müllerian管和Wolffian管。如果胎儿具有Y染色体和SRY基因,睾丸激素就会产生,Wolffian管发育成雄性生殖系统。同时Müllerian管在Müllerian抑制因子的作用下停止发育。相反如果没有Y染色体和睾丸激素的增加,Müllerian管就发育成雌性生殖系统,而Wolffian管则退化。雄性和雌性外生殖器从相同的尿生殖器发育而来。这就是为什么有人可能在其出生时会出现介于雄性和雌性的中间状态生殖器,这是我们所知的两性畸形。
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Vera理想2011-07-07人类应该知道,因为有了脑,我们才有了乐趣、欣喜、欢笑和运动,才有了悲痛、哀伤、绝望和无尽的忧思。因为有了脑,我们才以一种独特的方式拥有了智慧、获得了知识;我们才能看得见、听得到;我们才懂得了美与丑、善与恶;我们才感受到甜美与无味……同样,因为有了脑,我们才会发狂和神志昏迷,才会被畏惧和恐怖所侵扰……噩梦之所以会经受这些磨难,是因为脑有了病恙……由于这样一些原因,我认为,脑在一个人的机体中行使了至高无上的权力。——Hippocrates公元前4世纪
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nolix2018-08-23◆大鼠海马损伤的后果David Olton和同事设,计了辐射迷宫实验。训练大鼠在迷宫中取得食物,这个实验可揭示海马的记忆功能。实验装置包括中央平台及辐射出的若干条路径或通道。若把一只正常的大鼠放入这个迷宫,它会搜寻到每个路径末端的食物。经过训练大鼠只须经过迷宫每条路径一次就能熟练地找到所有食物。大鼠穿过迷宫时利用视觉或其他迷宫周围的线索来记住哪里已去过,不必重复经过那些路径, Olton将这种记住已经经过的路径的记忙称为工作记忆(working memory)。工作记忆更通常指保留那些用于指导进行性行为的信息。大鼠被放入迷宫前海马就被破坏,它的行为方式将与正常不同。这样的大鼠似乎还是正常的,它们能学会穿过迷宫的条辐射臂,并吃到放在其末端的食物。但和正常大鼠不同的是,它们学习率很低,它们会多次地进入同辐射臂,需要很长时间才能找到所有食物。就它们进入辐射臂找到食物而言,似乎它们能学会这个任务。但它记不住哪条路已走过。对辐射述宫实验稍作改变可发现,海马对精细辨别的学习有重要作用。
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nolix2018-08-23切除大部分颞叶对H.M.的知觉、智力或性格没什么影响。他在各方面似乎都是正常的。但是这个正常的表象掩盖了以下事实,即手术使他得了严重的遗忘症,他连基本的人类活动都不能进行。H.M.对手术前几年的事有部分的逆行性遗忘。更严重的是他有极度的顺行性遗忘。尽管他能记得许多小时候的事,但记不住5分钟前才见过的人.... 他总是低估自己的年龄,而且不能认出自己的近照。为了清楚地阐明HM.遗忘症的本质,我们必须将H.M.失去的和保留的记忆进行比较 。他记着他的童年,因此手术时已形成的长时程记忆及同忆这些往事的能力没有被破坏,他的短时程记忆也是正常的,例如,通过反复练习他能记住一串6个数字,尽管任何打扰都会使他忘掉,他失去的只是形成新的陈述性记忆的能力。更重要的是他还能学习新的程序。
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nolix2018-08-23在海兔的敏感化和经典条件反射中,这种变化发生于突触前膜的钾通道;而在哺乳动物中枢神经系统的LTD和LTP中可能发生于突触后的AMPA受体。 蛋白磷酸化可以改变突触的效能从而形成记忆,并且只有磷酸根结合在蛋白上才能保持记忆。但是磷酸化作用作为长时程记忆的机制还存在一此问题: 蛋白磷酸化不是永久的。时间久了,产生脱磷酸化,记忆便消除了。 蛋白质介子本身也不能永存。脑内的大多数蛋白质寿命小于2周。 更新从分子更新速率来看,依赖于蛋白质介子变化产生的记忆是不能长久 存在的。 因此我们必须考虑另一种机制,这种机制可以使最初发生的蛋白磷酸化修饰,转变为一种可以持续终生的形式。
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nolix2018-08-21短尾猴经过训练可获得视觉介辨能力,当猴子熟练掌握这种分辨技能后。损伤它视觉中枢即颞下皮层区后,尽管猴子的基本视觉能力是完好的,它却不再具备视觉分辨能力。这似乎与动物不再能记住与奖赏相关的刺激形状有关。 Lashley的实验提示我们就此视觉特异性技能而言,记忆储存于高度有序的视觉皮层,换句话说,颞下皮层区既是视觉中枢也是记忆储存区。
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nolix2018-08-21---hahahahah!