残酷的乐观主义

最新书摘:
  • 祝梨ZLiii
    2024-04-17
    这就把我们带到了本书的第二个目标,即探讨分析大规模危机的感性印记的方法。这些印记之所以重要,是因为它们影响了对当下的历史感。日常生活理论(everyday life theory)是理解当代社会的一个惯用框架,而分析历史性当下的研究者试图为其提供新的切入口。但本书从日常生活理论的重复论述中脱离出来,作为一种工具,从当代美国和欧洲的档案中得出一种不稳定的美学。欧洲现代主义对城市失范(anomie)和大众社会冲击带来的关注,发展出对20世纪初感觉系统的丰富感知。这种感知体现在漫无目的的人群、代偿意识(compensatory consciousness)以及弗兰努尔/弗兰纽斯的实践中。这些人体察当下的方式据说可以缓解危机感。这些方式将他们从自我世界中解脱出来,但又使其在精神上远离对周遭世界的过密卷入。不过,日常生活理论已经不能描述大多数人的生活方式了。这个论点的简化版是:现在世界上绝大多数人都生活在城市里,并通过多种媒介技术接触到大众文化,因此并不像他们的祖先那样面临着遗忘和适应的压力。同时,正如奈杰尔・思瑞夫特(Nigel Thrift)所论证的,为弗兰努尔/兰纽斯提供解脱的反思性巡游已经失效,它反而体现了生存问题所带来的大众普遍的感知。这些生存问题具有公共性,并且诱发了诸多集体性情感反应,以应对持续威胁造成的当下生活的捉摸不定。①代偿意识指的是一种心理防御机制,即在面临自我的缺陷或者愿望无法得到满足时,用替代物进行补偿以减轻痛苦。②弗兰努尔/弗兰纽斯,指在城市闲逛、漫步、探险、鉴赏的人,被认为是城市现代性中的矛盾人物,脱离社会又对其进行敏锐的观察。③奈杰尔·思瑞夫特,英国人文地理学家,著有《非表征理论》等。
  • 祝梨ZLiii
    2024-04-17
    有些读者可能会觉得我提的这些问题把事情复杂化了。他们会把生活在美好生活幻想中的脆弱性、不可预测性及其系统性的失效归为“运气不好”。因为自第二次世界大战结束以来,向上流动、可靠的亲密关系和政治满足感的总体模式使自由主义政治和经济世界变得更加美好。他们可能将那些共同经历的灾难,视作不完美系统中事故的集合,他们在这一点上不会认为自己会想错。人这一辈子,在对生活、场景或事件的任何过程进行本地化时,都会涉及很多偶然性。他们也许会把那种创伤感等同于它的特殊性,认为不稳定性是存在主义的,并且辩称对结构性归纳的关注使世界过度系统化。对于这些反对意见,我想说的是,目前的经济衰退实际上凝结了几十年的阶级分化、向下流动以及环境、政治和社会的脆弱性。自里根时代以来,这些问题就已经开始逐步累积了。这些激化的过程重塑了种族、性别、性向、经济和以国家为基础的从属关系的惯例,也增加了结构性意外在更多群体的日常生活中造成危机的可能。
  • 祝梨ZLiii
    2024-04-17
    本书试图为情感理论提供一个唯物主义语境,而幻想实际上充斥在日常生活中这一点证明了其可行性。从表面上看,情感理论在文学或任何历史研究中都没有地位。吉尔·德勒兹写道,毕竟,情感是在世界的神经系统,而不是在人的神经系统中运作。与政治实体可以通过操纵的方法消除未来自我意识能力的情感性事实相反,布莱恩·马苏米认为神经系统是如此自主,以至于情感行为可能是有意为之的。比如,斯拉沃热·齐泽克怀疑德勒兹式的政治,或者类似于情感政治的东西,是一种矛盾修饰法,或者更糟糕的说法是一种资产阶级自我陶醉的情感模式,伪装成一种根本无法控制的存在活动。”这是否意味着,在历史或者政治的角度谈论情感,其实更多的是一种自恋地、歇斯底里地或者被动地对此刻的沉溺?我与马苏米、特蕾莎·布伦南(Teresa Bren-nan)一样,都从拉康传统出发,认为情感氛围是共享的,而不是孤立的;同时,身体不断判断周遭环境,并对其所处的氛围作出反应。这种对雷蒙德·威廉斯的“感觉结构”(structure of feeling)概念的折射表明,无论人们对创造历史的主体有何种争论,可以说情感反应主要体现了共享性的历史时间。(P. 20)
  • 祝梨ZLiii
    2024-04-17
    这是一本讲述幻想和共同期待的美好生活被消耗磨损的书。因为美好的蓝图已经褪色,这种幻想变得更加梦幻,与人们实际可能的生活越来越不相关。生活的消耗磨损表现在一套新兴的美学形式上,它从具体化的、情感的生存节奏中提出一种情感现实主义。我列举了一些典型案例,通过建立一个关于僵局或过渡时刻的档案,来适应这种生存幻想的丧失,并探讨在日益增加的偶然性中,繁荣发展可能意味着什么。然而,我并没有声称自己能够全面了解生活与幻想之间的调整可以发生或已经发生的所有方式,因为人们对在单一的生活与跨地域资本主义世界之间的关系中已经发生、正在发生和可能发生的事情感到焦虑。本书定义了个人和集体的关系,并将对它的阐释置于一个历史时刻,就像资本的流通、国家自由主义、异性恋家庭主义、向上流动的美好生活的幻想已经昭示的那样,这种时刻是超越国界的。
  • 威武大将军朱寿
    2018-04-11
    That is, everyone lives the present intensely, from within a sense that their time, this time, is crisis time.
  • 威武大将军朱寿
    2018-04-11
    Any object of optimism promises to guarantee the endurance of something, the survival of something, the flourishing of something, and above all the protection of the desire that made this object or scene powerful enough to have magnetized an attachement to it.
  • 威武大将军朱寿
    2018-04-11
    Under capitalism, money is power and if one has only surplus amounts of it, sovereignty is infinite and yet a weight that cannot be borne....the whole infrastructure of trust in the wrold that merges the credit with the affectional economy and keeps people attached to optimism of a particular kind.
  • 威武大将军朱寿
    2018-04-06
    A bourgeois is someone who instrumentalizes his social relations in terms of the rules of the market, and who is zoned by the people who assign value to property as having value in proximity to his property and his being self-possessed.
  • 威武大将军朱寿
    2018-04-06
    To understand cruel optimism, therefore, one must embark on an analysis of indirection, which provides a way to think about the strange temporalities of projection into an enabling object that is also disabling.
  • 威武大将军朱寿
    2018-04-06
    Cruel optimism is the condition of maintaining an attachment to a significantly problematic object.
  • 威武大将军朱寿
    2018-03-07
    The genre of crisis is itself a heightening interpretive genre, thetorically turning an ongoing condition into an intensifided situation in which extensive threats to survival are said to dominate the reproduction of life.
  • 威武大将军朱寿
    2018-03-07
    The fantasies that are fraying include, particularly, upward mobility, job security, political and social equality, and lively, durable intimacy. The set of dissolving assurances also includes meritocracy, the sense that liberal-capitalist society wil lreliably provide opportunities for individuals to carve out relations of reciprocity that seem fair and that foster life as a project of adding up to something and constructing cushions for enjoyment.
  • 威武大将军朱寿
    2018-03-07
    Such that a person or a world finds itself bound to a situation of profound threat that is, at the same time, profoundly confirming. At center of ths project, though, is that moral-intimate-economic thing called "the good life."
  • ピザパン
    2021-10-31
    But individuality—that monument of liberal fantasy, that site of commodity fetishism, that project of certain psychoanalytic desires, that sign of cultural and national modernity—is to me a contrary form, a form already interrupted by inconstancy that has a hard time bearing it.
  • 威武大将军朱寿
    2018-03-07
    These kinds of potimistic relation are not inherently cruel. They become cruel only when the object that draws your attachment actively impedes the aim that brought you to it initially. All attachement is optimistic, if we describe optimism as the force that moves you out of yourself and into the world in order to bring closer the satisfying something that you cannot generate on your own but sense in the wake of a person, a way of life, an object, project, concept, or scene. But optimism might not feel optimistic.