西方哲学英汉对照辞典
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散步在南國島嶼2022-02-17亚里士多德主义原则一个关动机形成的原则，或者说一个心理学命题，即认为每个人一生的核心目标都与他先天的或后天获得的能力或才能有密切关系。我们的能力越强，我们可期望从我们的技能的运用中得到的满足就越大。罗尔斯认为这一思想包含在亚里士：多德的伦理学中，并提出了亚里上多德主。义原则这一术语：他还用这一原则解释了为什么有些事情被认为是基本的养和如何从重要性上对基本的善进行排列。因此，这一原则是罗尔斯的正义论中关于善及其作用的弱理论的本质。他的基于这一心理学原则的善的理论使他的理论与功利主义显著地区别开来，后者是以心理学的享乐主义为基础的：“人们可以回忆起亚里士多德主义原则是这样的：如其他条件相同，人们会以运用他们业已认识到的才能（天赋的或训练后得到的能力）为享受，对这种才能认识得越多，或其复杂程度越大，这种享受也就越大。”一罗尔斯：《正义论，1971年，第426页。
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豆友2712199722023-11-21[希腊词，通常译作意见或信仰，出自动词dokein或dorazein，“显现”，“相信”或“看起来”]doxa 常与“似乎”联用，是对对象的当下意识或直接相识，与episteme(知识)相对。对于柏拉图来说，doxa 不仅是“意见”，而且是指产生意见的官能或能力。它是非哲学家(或爱观念者，philo-doxos)的心智状态，它的对象是变化的可感世界，既是(存在) 又不是(不存在),是形相世界的摹本。相反，episteme 不仅是作为认知结果的知识,而且是产生知识的官能。它乃是哲学家(爱智慧者，philo-sophos)的心智状态，以真实存在的形相世界自身为对象。这一区分在《国家篇》第五卷中得到了详细讨论。它对于柏拉图分离可感世界与形相世界起了关键的作用，并对西方形而上学和知识论的发展具有持续性的影响。“我们欣然同意意见与知识是不同的。”一柏拉图;《国家篇》，478a。[Greek: usually translated as belicf or opinion , from theverb dokein or doxazein, to appear, to believe or to seem] A term used in connection with seeming,the immediate awareness of or direct acquaintance with objects in contrast with episteme (knowledge). For Plato, doxa is not only opinion,but also the faculty or capacity to produce opinion. It is the state of mind of the non-philosopher (the lover of o...
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散步在南國島嶼2022-02-20In contrast,we treat individuals from the srandpoint of the generalised other by dealing with them as abstract and rational entities with a set of rights and duties.According to feminist crities,the standpoint of the generalised other has dominaled the history of Western moral and political theory, with the conscquence of focusing ethics on the public sphere of justice and ignoring the private sphere of care.Hence, the experience of women has been excluded from the consideration of moral theory. According to these critics, the remedy for this prejudice is to establish a new type of ethics which recognises the concrete as well as the generalised other."The standpoint of the concrete other,by contrast,requires us io view each and every rational being as an individual with concrete histo...
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散步在南國島嶼2022-02-19For contemporary communitarianism, community is a formative context and an organic whole rather than an aggregate of atoms.Since in a contemporary society, national identity and historical, ethical or religious identities do not coincide, the boundaries of political communities have become unclear.
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散步在南國島嶼2022-02-18everything is for the best in the best of all possible worlds.
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散步在南國島嶼2022-02-18Furthermore, since God, as an omnipotent and omniscient being, not only intends to creat a possible world, but also knows what is the best and has the capacity to actualise it, our world must actually be the best.