如何在二十一世紀反對資本主義

• 吉尔斯丹斯基

  2024-10-14
  马克思主义翻转了社会学。对阶层化与地位的研究转变成对阶级关系的研究。政治社会学从原本执迷于自由民主制转向探究资本主义国家的理论，也从极权理论转向国家社会主义的阶级性质；经济社会学从工业主义的真理转向资本主义的动态；组织理论从空泛的一般论点转向研究资本主义劳动过程；教育社会学从研究学习转向阶级复制；集体行为的非理性被社会运动的理性取代；对种族偏见与种族循环理论的研究，取代为对种族压迫与内部殖民的研究；现代化理论让位给世界体系分析以及对帝国主义的批判；在社会主义女性主义的影响下，家庭的社会学把焦点从社会化转向再生产劳动，从性别角色转向无所不在的父权体制。简言之，马克思主义理论取代了晦涩的结构功能论；对于美国社会的批判取代了社会学对美国社会自鸣得意的颂扬。一九七○年，古德奈（Alvin Gouldner）正确预见了「西方社会学即将来临的危机」，但他没有预见到社会学的马克思主义复兴。
• 吉尔斯丹斯基

  2024-10-14
  进步政治在近数十年来的一项特徵，就是植基于阶级之外的支配、不平等与排除等生活经验的认同，具有很大的重要性。熟悉的现代例子包括种族、族裔、性别与性取向。社会运动以及立基于这些认同的其他型态的集体行动者，在政治上的重要性经常都胜过明确奠基在阶级的反资本主义集体行动者。直接与这些非阶级认同相连的利益虽与阶级利益不同，但与这些利益相关的价值却与解放性反资本主义的价值重叠。以植基于种族压迫的认同为例，终结种族歧视与支配，关系到受压迫的种族少数群体的认同与利益。这些利益与劳动阶级的利益不同。有时候，种族少数群体的认同与利益甚至跟劳工的认同与利益具有紧张关系，例如反对种族歧视的抗争可能会对白人劳工的劳动市场竞争条件造成影响。不过，这两种利益都怀有相同的平等主义价值，主张拥有美满人生所需的物质与社会工具应该让人能够平等取得。同样的，性别及性取向方面的压迫所造成的伤害也是如此：这些伤害会产生各自不同的认同与利益，但两者在根本上秉持的平等主义价值都与解放性反资本主义相同。因此，价值构成了一种基础，可供建构横跨各种认同的政治团结。要建构一个健全的反资本主义集体行动者，必然需要因应这种复杂状况：这些相互交错的多重认同都拥有共同的基本解放性价值，但是又各有不同的认同与利益。
• 热爱生活的番茄

  2020-05-05
  Most people therefore hold some ideal of equality in contemporary capitalist societies. Where people differ strongly is over the substance of the egalitarian ideal. Such disagreement animated a very lively discussion among political philosophers in the last decades of the twentieth century; it was referred to as the “Equality of What?” debate. Is the egalitarian ideal equality of opportunity? If so, opportunity for what? Or is the egalitarian ideal equality of resources? Equality of capabilities? Equality of welfare or well-being? Here is how I propose we think about equality as a value:In a just society, all persons would have broadly equal access to the material and social means necessary to live a flourishing life.因此，在当代资本主义社会中，大多数人都持有某种平等的理想。人们的分歧很大的地方在于平等主义理想的实质问题。在二十世纪最后几十年里，这种分歧...
• 热爱生活的番茄

  2020-05-05
  The claim that capitalism harms democracy and freedom is more complex than simply proposing that capitalism is opposed to freedom and democracy. First, the way the boundary between the public and private sphere is drawn in capitalism excludes crucial decisions that affect large numbers of people from participating in democratic control. Second, private control over major investments creates constant pressure on public authorities to enact rules favorable to the interests of capitalists. Third, wealthy people have greater access than non-wealthy citizens to political power. Fourth, capitalist firms are allowed to be organized as workplace dictatorships. Finally, the inequalities in wealth and income intrinsic to capitalism create inequalities in what philosopher Philippe van Parijs calls “r...
• 热爱生活的番茄

  2020-05-05
  I use the idea of human flourishing to capture an all-around sense of a person’s life going well. A flourishing life is one in which a person’s capacities and talents have developed in ways that enable them to pursue their life goals, so that in some general sense they have been able to realize their potentials and purposes. It is easy to see what this means when we think of a person’s health and physical condition: a flourishing life is more than just the absence of disease; it also embodies a positive idea of physical vitality that enables people to live energetically in the world. Similarly, for other aspects of one’s life, flourishing implies a positive, robust realization of one’s capacities, not just an absence of grave deficits.我用 "人的蓬勃发展" 这一概念来概括一个人的生活是否顺利的全局感。蓬勃发展的人生，是指一个人的能力和才能...
• 热爱生活的番茄

  2020-05-05
  The value of equality does not say that in a just society all people actually live equally flourishing lives. Rather, the idea is that all people have equal access to the social and material means necessary for a flourishing life. In a just society, no one who fails to flourish can complain that the social institutions and social structures in which they live obstructed their access to the material and social conditions needed to flourish.平等的价值并不是说，在一个公正的社会里，所有人实都过着同样蓬勃发展的生活。相反，这个概念是指所有人都能平等地获得繁荣生活所需的社会上的和物质上的手段。在一个公正的社会里，没有人能够抱怨说，他们所生活的社会制度和社会结构阻碍了他们获得繁荣所需的物质和社会条件。
• 热爱生活的番茄

  2020-05-05
  The material means to live a flourishing life will vary enormously over time and place, of course, but broadly this includes adequate food, shelter, clothing, mobility, recreation, medical care and education, among other things. In a market economy, this implies that people have adequate income to purchase many of these things. This does not imply that everyone should have identical levels of income. People have different needs for all sorts of reasons, and thus equal access to the material means necessary for a flourishing life implies access to different levels of income. This is why the classic socialist distribution principle is “to each according to need” rather than “to each the same.”The social means to live a flourishing life are more complex than the material means, and any list...
• 热爱生活的番茄

  2020-05-05
  因此，人们可能会误认为自己的利益。父母可能会错误地认为，接种疫苗会导致自闭症，从而违背了孩子的利益。低收入者可以相信为富人减税会使穷人受益。这就是人们可以有意义地谈论 "虚假意识 "的意义所在--一种错误的理解，即错误地认为 “什么会使自己的生活变得更美好，什么是实现某种目的的最佳手段。”关于虚假意识的说法不是一般意义上的虚假身份的说法。虚假意识描述的是对世界的实际运作方式的不正确的信念，这导致了对不同行动的效果的不正确的看法。有些利益与身份密切相关。。。由于生活的复杂性和身份的复杂性，人们有许多不同的利益关系，这些利益关系往往是矛盾的，甚至是不相容的。人们的利益与他们的阶级位置、性别、健康状况、宗教信仰、民族、国籍、语言、性情等相关。他们也有短期利益和长期利益，这些利益也可能是矛盾的。因此，当人们在思考什么是符合自己的利益的时候，难免要把一些利益放在前面，把其他的利益用括号放在后面。政治斗争中的一个核心问题，恰恰是对哪些利益应该给予最大的关注。