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PaperParachute2025-01-13Mechanism of ActionGLP-1 和葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽 (GIP) 都是被二肽基肽酶-4 (DPP-4) 灭活的肠促胰岛素激素,它们通过肠促胰岛素效应刺激口服葡萄糖负荷后的胰岛素分泌。[16] [17]在 2 型糖尿病中,这一过程可能会变得迟钝或缺失;然而,药理学水平的 GLP-1 可以恢复胰岛素排泄。这种疗法治疗 2 型糖尿病的好处包括延迟胃排空和抑制胰腺 α 细胞在血糖水平高时产生胰高血糖素。此外,GLP-1 受体激动剂可以减少胰腺 β 细胞凋亡,同时促进其增殖。[18] [19] [20]GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), both incretin hormones inactivated by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), stimulate insulin secretion after an oral glucose load via the incretin effect.[16][17] In T2DM, this process can become blunted or absent; however, pharmacological levels of GLP-1 can revive insulin excretion. The benefits of this therapy to treat T2DM include delayed gastric emptying and inhibiting glucagon production from pancreatic α-cells if blood sugar levels are high. Furthermore, GLP-1 receptor...
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PaperParachute2025-01-13GLP-1 receptor agonists mimic the GLP-1 hormone that is naturally released in the gastrointestinal tract in response to eating.When you eat, your digestive system breaks carbohydrates down into simple sugars that travel through your bloodstream. GLP-1 triggers the release of insulin from your pancreas. Insulin helps usher glucose (sugar) out of the bloodstream and into your cells, where it can be used for nourishment and energy.
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PaperParachute2025-01-13在人体中,60%为磷酸肌酸(PCr),40%为肌酸。对于最大或超限运动<30s,身体会启动无氧能量系统。 这包括存储在体内的的ATP(身体的能量来源),ATP-PCr系统和无氧糖分解系统。在这种运动强度下进行的训练并不能提供足够的时间来通过更加可持续的有氧运动(具有氧气)途径产生能量(ATP)。所以这时需要即时的能量来源。这是肌酸发挥作用的时候了。 磷酸肌酸(PCr)负责从ADP(二磷酸腺苷)中重新合成ATP(三磷酸腺苷),提供快速的能量来源。当磷酸盐从ATP中“分解”时,ADP的键断裂,留下了ADP并释放出能量。肌酸激酶可以促进ADP和磷酸盐之间的反应以再合成(重新产生)ATP。 存储的ATP和PCr在5-8秒里最大程度的发挥作用,耗尽88-100%,需要30-60秒来恢复50%,而完全恢复需要约5分钟。